Jupiter, the fascinating largest planet in the solar system, has been visited by nine spacecraft, which have collected a significant amount of data about Jovian properties. In this paper, we show that one type of the \textit{in situ} measurements on the relativistic electron fluxes could be used to probe dark matter (DM) and dark mediator between the dark sector and our visible world. Jupiter, with its immense weight and cool core, could be an ideal capturer for DM with masses around the GeV scale. The captured DM particles could annihilate into long-lived dark mediators such as dark photons, which subsequently decay into electrons and positrons outside Jupiter. The charged particles, trapped by the Jovian magnetic field, have been measured in Jupiter missions such as the Galileo probe and the Juno orbiter. We use the data available to set upper bounds on the cross section of DM scattering off nucleons, $\sigma_{\chi n}$, for dark mediators with lifetime of order ${\cal O}(0.1-1)$s. The results show that data from Jupiter missions already probe regions in the parameter space un- or under-explored by existing DM searches, \textit{e.g.}, constrain $\sigma_{\chi n}$ of order $(10^{-41} - 10^{-39})$ cm$^2$ for 1 GeV DM dominantly annihilating into $e^+e^-$ through dark mediators. This study serves as an example and an initial step to explore the full physics potential of the large planetary datasets from Jupiter missions. We also outline several other potential directions related to secondary products of electrons, positron signals and solar axions.
Bibliography：Lingfeng Li received his BS in Chemistry and Physics in 2013 from Peking University, followed by his PhD in Theoretical High Energy Physics from University of California, Davis in 2018 under the supervision of Prof. Hsin-Chia Cheng. Then he joined HKUST IAS as a Postdoctoral Fellow till 2021. Currently, he works as a postdoc at Brown University. He is interested in various models that leave all sorts of signatures in collider phenomenology, cosmology and astrophysics.
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Prof. Jia Liu