The search for quark–gluon plasma (QGP)-like collectivity in small collision systems remains a central goal of high-energy nuclear physics. Recent results from O$+$O collisions suggest that strongly coupled, near-perfect-fluid behavior may emerge even in such small systems, motivating a detailed investigation of jet quenching in systems of reduced size. In this work, we study hadron and jet...
We investigate the production of open-flavor hadrons in $ pp $ collisions at $ \sqrt{ s_{ NN } } $ = 5.02 TeV using the parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE. We introduce string tension enhancement mechanisms towards dipole and double-junction strings in the string fragmentation hadronization model. The transverse momentum spectra and the baryon-to-meson ratios of light and heavy...
